turned im Oxford-Paravia Italian Dictionary

Übersetzungen für turned im Englisch»Italienisch-Wörterbuch

turned-up [Brit ˌtəːndˈʌp] ADJ

turned-up nose:

turned-up

all'insù

turned-out [Brit ˌtəːndˈaʊt] ADJ

to be well turned-out

essere vestito a puntino

to be immaculately turned-out

essere vestito in modo impeccabile

well-turned [Brit wɛlˈtəːnd] ADJ

1. well-turned phrase, remark, compliment etc.:

well-turned

ben costruito

2. well-turned arch ankle, leg:

well-turned

ben tornito

I.turn [Brit təːn, Am tərn] SUBST

1. turn (opportunity, in rotation):

turn

turno m

to wait one's turn

aspettare il proprio turno

it's my turn

è il mio turno or tocca a me

it's my turn (in game)

tocca a me

whose turn is it?

a chi tocca?

“miss a turn”

“perdete un turno” or “saltate un giro”

to be sb's turn to do

essere il turno di qn per fare or toccare a qn fare

it's your turn to make the coffee

tocca a te fare il caffè

it was his turn to feel rejected

fu lui (questa volta) a sentirsi rifiutato

have a turn on, at, with the computer

tocca a te usare il computer

to have a turn at driving

dare il cambio alla guida

to take turns at doing, to take it in turns to do

fare a turno a fare

to do sth turn and turn about

fare qc a turno

take it in turns!

fate a turno!

by turns

a turni or a rotazione

to feel happy and depressed by turns

essere a volte felice e a volte depresso

to speak out of turn übtr

parlare a sproposito

I hope I haven't spoken out of turn

spero di non aver parlato a sproposito

2. turn (circular movement):

turn

giro m

turn

rotazione f

to give sth a turn

girare qc or dare un giro a qc

to give sth half a turn to the left

far fare a qc un mezzo giro a sinistra

to do a turn dancer:

fare un giro

to take a turn in the park

fare un giro nel parco

3. turn (in vehicle):

turn

svolta f

turn

curva f

turn LUFTF

virata f

a 90° turn

una curva di 90°

to make or do a left, right turn

girare a sinistra, a destra

to do a turn in the road

svoltare nella strada

“no left turn”

“divieto di svolta a sinistra”

4. turn (bend, side road):

turn

curva f

there's a left turn ahead

più avanti c'è una curva a sinistra

brake before you go into the turn

frena prima di entrare in curva

take the next right turn, take the next turn on the right

prenda la prossima strada a destra

5. turn (change, development):

turn

corso m

turn

cambiamento m

the turn of events

il corso degli eventi

this is an extraordinary turn of events

gli eventi hanno assunto un andamento straordinario

to take an encouraging, a worrying turn events:

prendere una piega incoraggiante, una piega preoccupante

to take a turn for the better person:

migliorare

to take a turn for the better situation, things, events:

andare per il meglio

to take a turn for the better situation, things, events:

mettere bene

to take a turn for the better situation, things, events:

prendere una buona piega

to take a turn for the worse situation:

peggiorare, prendere una brutta piega, volgere al peggio

to take a turn for the worse health:

peggiorare, aggravarsi

she has taken a turn for the worse

va sempre peggio or ha preso una brutta piega

to be on the turn milk:

cominciare a inacidire

to be on the turn tide:

cominciare a cambiare

our luck is on turn

la fortuna sta girando or cambiando

at the turn of the century

al volgere del secolo

6. turn Brit (attack):

turn ugs

crisi f

turn ugs

attacco m

she's had one of her turns again

ha avuto di nuovo una delle sue crisi

a giddy or dizzy turn

vertigini

to have a funny turn

essere, sentirsi sfasato, fuori fase

it gave me quite a turn, it gave me a nasty turn

mi ha fatto venire un colpo

7. turn (act):

turn

numero m

a comic, variety turn

un numero comico, di varietà

to do a, one's turn

esibirsi in un, nel proprio numero

II.in turn

1. in turn (in rotation):

in turn answer, speak

a turno

she spoke to each of us in turn

ha parlato con ognuno di noi a turno or singolarmente

2. in turn (linking sequence):

in turn

a sua volta

this in turn leads to higher inflation

a sua volta ciò provoca la crescita dell'inflazione

I invited Andrew who in turn invited Robert

ho invitato Andrew che a sua volta ha invitato Robert

III.turn [Brit təːn, Am tərn] VERB trans

1. turn (rotate):

turn person: knob, wheel, handle, screw

girare

turn screw

stringere

turn mechanism: cog, wheel

fare girare

to turn sth to the right, left

girare qc verso destra, sinistra

to turn sth to “on”, “off”

mettere qc sulla posizione “on”, “off”

to turn a switch through 90 degrees

girare or fare ruotare l'interruttore di 90 gradi

to turn sth halfway, the wrong way

ruotare qc di mezzo giro, nel senso sbagliato

to turn the key in the door or lock (lock up)

chiudere la porta a chiave

to turn the key in the door or lock (unlock)

aprire la porta con la chiave or fare girare la chiave nella serratura

to turn the key on sb (inside)

chiudere qn a chiave

to turn the key on sb (outside)

chiudere qn fuori di casa

2. turn (turn over, reverse):

turn mattress, steak

girare

turn page

girare, voltare

turn collar

rovesciare

turn soil

rivoltare

to turn sb onto his side, back

girare qn sul fianco, sulla schiena

to turn one's ankle

storcersi una caviglia or prendere una storta a una caviglia

it turns my stomach

mi dà il voltastomaco

3. turn (change direction of):

turn chair, car

girare

turn head, face

girare, voltare

to turn a picture to the wall

girare un quadro verso il muro

to turn one's face towards

voltarsi verso

to turn one's steps towards

dirigere i propri passi verso

to turn one's attention or mind to

volgere la propria attenzione a

to turn one's back on group, place

voltare le spalle a

to turn one's back on übtr friend, ally

voltare le spalle a

to turn one's back on übtr homeless, needy

voltare le spalle a, abbandonare a se stesso

as soon as my back is turned

non appena volto le spalle also übtr

to turn one' s back on the past

lasciarsi il passato alle spalle

to turn sb from one's door

allontanare, cacciare qn

4. turn (focus direction of):

to turn sth on sb gun, hose, torch

puntare qc contro qn

to turn sth on sb übtr anger, scorn

indirizzare, dirigere qc contro qn

5. turn (transform):

to turn sth white, black

fare diventare qc bianco, nero

to turn sth milky, opaque

rendere qc latteo, opaco

to turn sth into office, car park, desert

trasformare qc in

to turn water into ice, wine

mutare, trasformare l'acqua in ghiaccio, in vino

to turn a book into a film

= fare l'adattamento cinematografico di un libro

turn your old newspapers into cash!

trasformate i vostri vecchi giornali in denaro!

to turn sb into magician: frog

trasformare, mutare qn in

to turn sb into experience: extrovert, maniac

fare di qn

it turned him from a normal child into a delinquent

questo l'ha fatto diventare, dal bambino normale che era, un delinquente

to stand there as if turned to stone

rimanere come pietrificato

6. turn (deflect):

turn person, conversation

deviare, dirigere

to turn the conversation towards or onto sth

dirigere la conversazione su qc

to turn sb from a course of action, from her purpose

distogliere qn dalla propria linea d'azione, dal proprio proposito

7. turn (reach the age of) ugs:

he has turned 50

ha passato i 50 (anni)

she has just turned 20, 30

ha appena compiuto vent'anni, trent'anni

as soon as I turn 18

appena compierò 18 anni

it's just turned five o'clock

sono le cinque passate da poco

8. turn (on lathe):

turn wood, piece, spindle

lavorare al tornio, tornire

9. turn (fashion) übtr:

to turn an elegant sentence

tornire una frase elegante

10. turn (in espionage):

turn spy, agent

fare lavorare per sé

IV.turn [Brit təːn, Am tərn] VERB intr

1. turn (change direction):

turn person, car, plane, road:

girare, svoltare

turn ship:

virare

to turn (to the) left, right

girare a sinistra, a destra

to turn to the east, the west

girarsi verso est, ovest

to turn down or into street, alley

girare in

to turn off main road, street

lasciare

to turn towards village, mountains

girare verso or in direzione di

I turned towards home

mi sono diretto verso casa

her thoughts turned to her family

ha rivolto i suoi pensieri alla famiglia

the conversation turned to Ellie

si è finito per parlare di Ellie

he later turned to teaching

in seguito passò all'insegnamento

2. turn (reverse direction):

turn person, vehicle:

girare

turn tide:

cambiare

turn luck:

girare, (cominciare a) cambiare

there's no room for the bus to turn

l'autobus non ha abbastanza spazio per girare or fare manovra

“no turning” (in driveway)

“divieto d'accesso”, “divieto di svolta”

3. turn (revolve):

turn key, wheel, planet:

girare

turn person:

girarsi, voltarsi (to, towards verso)

to turn on its axis

girare sul proprio asse

a key turned in the lock

una chiave girò nella serratura

to turn in one's chair

girarsi sulla sedia

to turn and face the camera

girarsi verso la macchina fotografica

to turn and walk out of the room

girarsi e uscire dalla stanza

to turn to do

girarsi per fare

to turn to face sth

voltarsi verso qc

to turn and fight

girarsi per combattere

to turn to lie on one's side

girarsi su un fianco

I turned once again to my book, my work

ripresi ancora una volta il libro, il lavoro

4. turn (hinge) übtr:

to turn on argument: point, issue

incentrarsi su

to turn on outcome: factor

dipendere da

5. turn (spin round angrily):

to turn on sb dog:

attaccare qn

to turn on sb person:

prendersela con qn

6. turn (resort to, rely on) übtr:

to turn to person

rivolgersi a

to turn to religion

rivolgersi a or cercare conforto in

to turn to drink

darsi al bere

to turn to drugs

cominciare a drogarsi

to turn to sb for help, advice, money

rivolgersi a qn per

I don't know who to turn to for advice

non so a chi rivolgermi per chiedere consiglio

I don't know where or which way to turn

non so a che santo votarmi or che pesci pigliare

7. turn (change):

to turn into tadpole: frog

trasformarsi, mutarsi in

to turn into sofa: bed

trasformarsi in

to turn into situation, evening: farce, disaster

trasformarsi in, risolversi in

to turn into conversation: shouting match

trasformarsi in, diventare

to turn into (magically) person: animal, prince etc.

trasformarsi in

to turn to substance: ice, gold etc.

trasformarsi in, diventare

to turn to fear, surprise: horror, relief

trasformarsi in

his hopes had turned to dust

le sue speranze erano stare ridotte in polvere

8. turn (become by transformation):

turn pale, cloudy, green

diventare, farsi

to turn white, black, red

diventare bianco, nero, rosso

to turn white, black, red CHEM

virare al bianco, al nero, al rosso

the weather is turning cold, warm

il tempo sta volgendo al freddo, al caldo

events turned tragic

gli eventi presero una piega tragica

9. turn (have change of heart) ugs:

turn Conservative, Communist

diventare

businesswoman turned politician

donna d'affari diventata un politico

to turn Catholic, Muslim

convertirsi al cattolicesimo, all'islamismo

to turn traitor

diventare un traditore

10. turn (go sour):

turn milk:

inacidirsi

11. turn trees, leaves:

turn

cambiare, mutare colore, ingiallire

V.turn [Brit təːn, Am tərn]

at every turn

tutti momenti, a ogni piè sospinto

one good turn deserves another Sprichw

= chi fa del bene riceve del bene, chi semina raccoglie

to be done to a turn

essere cotto a puntino

to do sb a good turn

rendere un servizio a qn, fare un favore a qn

to feel another turn of the screw

= sentire aumentare la pressione

I.turn around VERB [təːn -] (turn around)

1. turn around (to face other way):

turn around person:

girarsi, voltarsi (to do per fare)

turn around bus, vehicle:

girare

2. turn around übtr:

you can't just turn around and say you've changed your mind

non puoi semplicemente dire che hai cambiato idea

what if he just turns around and says no?

e se cambia idea e dice di no?

3. turn around (revolve, rotate):

turn around object, windmill, dancer:

girare

4. turn around (change trend):

the market has turned around

il mercato ha avuto un'inversione di tendenza

sales have turned round

le vendite sono migliorate or c'è stata un'inversione di tendenza nelle vendite

5. turn around (unload and reload):

turn around means of transport:

scaricare e ricaricare

II.turn around VERB [təːn -] (turn [sth] around, turn around [sth])

1. turn around (to face other way):

turn around car, chair, piano, head, baby

girare

2. turn around (reverse decline in):

turn around situation

raddrizzare

turn around economy, company

risollevare, risanare

turn around political party, factory

risollevare le sorti di

3. turn around (unload and reload):

turn around plane, ship

scaricare e caricare

the plane can be turned around in an hour

si può scaricare e fare ripartire l'aereo nel giro di un'ora

4. turn around (rephrase):

turn around question, sentence

rigirare, riformulare

I.turn out VERB [təːn -] (turn out)

1. turn out (be eventually):

to turn out well, badly

andare a finire bene, male

to turn out differently

avere un esito diverso

to turn out all right

andare bene or per il meglio

it depends how things turn out

dipende da come si mettono le cose

this child will turn out badly

questo bambino finirà male

to turn out to be (prove to be)

dimostrarsi or rivelarsi (essere)

to turn out to be wrong

dimostrarsi falso

the job turned out (to be) difficult

il lavoro si è rivelato difficile

it turned out to be a good decision

si è dimostrata essere una decisione giusta or alla fine fu una decisione giusta

it turns out that …

risulta che …

it turned out (that) she knew him

risultò che lo conosceva

as it turned out

a conti fatti or in fin dei conti

2. turn out (come out):

turn out crowd, people:

affluire, accorrere (to do per fare; for per)

the fans turn out every Saturday

i fans arrivano, accorrono ogni sabato

we had to turn out at six Brit

dovevamo essere là alle sei

3. turn out (point outwards):

his toes or feet turn out

ha i piedi in fuori

II.turn out VERB [təːn -] (turn [sth] out, turn out [sth])

1. turn out (turn off):

turn out light

spegnere

2. turn out (empty):

turn out pocket, bag

svuotare, rovesciare

turn out GASTRO mousse, mould

rovesciare, togliere dallo stampo

3. turn out (produce):

turn out goods

produrre, fabbricare

turn out scientists, graduates

formare

turn out novel, script, poem

pubblicare

Wendungen:

to turn one's toes or feet out

girare le punte dei piedi in fuori

III.turn out VERB [təːn -] (turn [sb] out, turn out [sb])

1. turn out (evict):

turn out

buttare fuori, mettere alla porta

to turn sb out into the street

buttare qn fuori di casa

2. turn out Brit (send):

turn out guard, police, troops

inviare, mandare

I.turn away VERB [təːn -] (turn away)

turn away

voltarsi, girare la testa

to turn away in disgust, horror

voltarsi, distogliere lo sguardo con disgusto, orrore

II.turn away VERB [təːn -] (turn [sth] away, turn away [sth])

turn away head

voltare, girare

turn away torch

girare

III.turn away VERB [təːn -] (turn [sb] away, turn away [sb])

turn away spectator, applicant

rifiutare, respingere, mandare via

turn away salesman, caller

non fare entrare

turn away beggar

mandare via, cacciare

I was turned away from the Ritz

non mi hanno fatto entrare al Ritz

I.turn over VERB [təːn -] (turn over)

1. turn over (roll over):

turn over person:

girarsi, rivoltarsi

turn over car:

ribaltarsi, capottare

turn over boat:

rovesciarsi, capovolgersi

to turn over and over person, object:

fare più giri su se stesso

to turn over and over car:

ribaltarsi or capottare più volte

2. turn over (turn page):

turn over

girare la pagina

3. turn over engine:

turn over

girare

II.turn over VERB [təːn -] (turn [sth, sb] over, turn over [sth, sb])

1. turn over (turn):

turn over page, paper

girare, voltare

turn over object, mattress, soil

girare, rivoltare

turn over card, baby, patient

girare

turn over ship

rovesciare

he turned the car over

fece capottare la macchina

2. turn over (hand over):

turn over object, money, find, papers

affidare, consegnare (to a)

turn over person, fugitive

consegnare (to a)

turn over company, business

affidare, cedere (to a)

turn over control, power

affidare, trasmettere (to a)

I'm turning the new recruits over to you

affido a te i nuovi assunti

3. turn over (reflect):

I've been turning it over in my mind

ho meditato or riflettuto bene

4. turn over Brit (rob) ugs:

turn over shop, place

svaligiare

I have been turned over

mi hanno derubato

5. turn over WIRTSCH (have turnover of) company:

turn over amount

avere un giro, un volume di affari di

6. turn over battery, starter motor engine:

turn over

fare partire, fare avviare

I.turn up VERB [təːn -] (turn up)

1. turn up (arrive, show up):

turn up

comparire, farsi vivo (to, at a; for per)

to turn up late

arrivare tardi

to turn up in jeans

presentarsi in jeans

she didn't turn up

non si è fatta vedere

guess who turned up at the station

indovina chi si è presentato alla stazione

2. turn up (be found):

don't worry - it will turn up

non ti preoccupare, salterà fuori

3. turn up (present itself):

turn up opportunity, job:

presentarsi, capitare

something will turn up (for me, for you etc.)

qualcosa verrà or salterà fuori (per me, te ecc.)

4. turn up (point up):

turn up corner, edge:

sporgere in fuori

his nose turns up

ha il naso all'insù

5. turn up (take upturn):

turn up economy:

crescere, migliorare

turn up market:

essere in rialzo

turn up investment, sales, profits:

crescere

II.turn up VERB [təːn -] (turn up [sth], turn [sth] up)

1. turn up (increase, intensify):

turn up lighting, gas

aumentare

turn up heating, volume

aumentare, alzare

turn up TV, radio, music

alzare (il volume di)

2. turn up (point up):

turn up collar

alzare

to turn one's nose up at sth, at the idea of doing

arricciare, torcere il naso davanti a qc, all'idea di fare

3. turn up (discover):

turn up buried object

portare alla luce

turn up person: discovery, information

trovare, scoprire

facts turned up by the inquiry

fatti portati alla luce dall'inchiesta

I.turn on VERB [təːn -] (turn on)

turn on oven, device:

turn on

accendersi

II.turn on VERB [təːn -] (turn on [sth], turn [sth] on)

turn on light, oven, gas, TV, radio, computer

accendere

turn on tap

aprire

to turn the water back on

riaprire l'acqua

to turn the electricity back on

ripristinare la corrente

to turn on the pressure übtr

mettere sotto pressione

to turn on the charm

tirare fuori tutto il proprio fascino

III.turn on VERB [təːn -] (turn [sb] on, turn on [sb]) ugs

turn on

eccitare

turn on

prendere

to be turned on

essere eccitato (by da)

to turn sb on to sth ugs drug

iniziare qn a

turned im PONS Wörterbuch

Übersetzungen für turned im Englisch»Italienisch-Wörterbuch

well-turned [ˌwel·ˈtɜ:rnd] ADJ

1. well-turned (gracefully shaped):

well-turned

elegante

2. well-turned (cleverly expressed):

well-turned phrase

ben costruito, -a

I.turn [tɜ:rn] VERB intr

1. turn (rotate):

turn

girare

to turn on sth

girare su qc

2. turn (switch direction):

turn

voltare

turn tide

cambiare

turn car

svoltare

to turn around

voltarsi

to turn right/left

girare a destra/sinistra

3. turn:

turn (change)

trasformarsi in

turn (for worse)

diventare

to turn traitor

rivelarsi un traditore

he turned gray (overnight)

gli son venuti i capelli bianchi (da un giorno all'altro)

4. turn (change color):

turn leaves

cambiare colore

5. turn (feel nauseous):

turn stomach

rivoltarsi

6. turn (spoil):

turn cream, milk

inacidire

II.turn [tɜ:rn] VERB trans

1. turn key:

turn (rotate)

(far) girare

turn (rotate)

girare

turn (screw on)

avvitare

turn (unscrew)

svitare

2. turn (switch direction):

turn

voltare

to turn one's head

voltare la testa

to turn a page

voltare pagina

to turn the coat inside out

rivoltare il cappotto

3. turn (attain a particular age):

turn

compiere

4. turn (pass a particular hour):

it has turned three o'clock

sono le tre

5. turn (cause to feel nauseated):

it turned my stomach

mi ha fatto rivoltare lo stomaco

Wendungen:

to turn sth upside down

capovolgere qc

III.turn [tɜ:rn] SUBST

1. turn (change in direction):

turn

svolta f

to make a turn to the right

svoltare a destra

to take a turn for the worse/better

cambiare in peggio/meglio

2. turn (changing point):

turn

svolta f

the turn of the century

l'inizio del secolo

3. turn (period of duty):

turn

turno m

to be sb's turn to do sth

toccare a qn fare qc

it's your turn

tocca a te

to do sth in turn

fare qc a turno

to miss a turn

saltare un turno

to speak out of turn

parlare a sproposito

4. turn (rotation, twist):

turn

giro m

5. turn (service):

turn

favore m

to do sb a good turn

fare un favore a qn

one good turn deserves another Sprichw

ogni favore va contraccambiato Sprichw

I.turn out VERB intr

1. turn out (end up, work out):

turn out

finire

2. turn out (be revealed):

turn out

rivelarsi

it turned out to be true

si è rivelato essere vero

II.turn out VERB trans

1. turn out light:

turn out

spegnere

2. turn out (kick out):

turn out

cacciare

to turn sb out on the street

buttare qn in mezzo alla strada

3. turn out (empty):

turn out

vuotare

turn against VERB trans

turn against

mettersi contro

I.turn away VERB intr

turn away

allontanare

to turn away from sb/sth

allontanarsi da qn/qc

II.turn away VERB trans

1. turn away (refuse entry):

turn away

non fare entrare

2. turn away (deny help):

turn away

mandar via

I.turn around VERB intr

turn around

girarsi

II.turn around VERB trans

1. turn around (move):

turn around

girare

2. turn around:

turn around (change)

cambiare

turn around (reform)

riformare

I.turn up VERB intr

1. turn up (arrive):

turn up

arrivare

2. turn up (become available):

turn up

saltar fuori

3. turn up (point upwards):

turn up

girare insù

II.turn up VERB trans

1. turn up volume:

turn up

alzare

2. turn up (shorten):

turn up

accorciare

3. turn up (point upwards):

turn up

girare insù

4. turn up (find):

turn up

trovare

I.turn over VERB intr (start, operate)

turn over engine

accendere

II.turn over VERB trans

1. turn over (change the side):

turn over

girare

2. turn over criminal:

turn over

consegnare

3. turn over:

turn over control

affidare

turn over possession

cedere

4. turn over facts:

turn over

meditare

to turn over an idea

riflettere a lungo su un'idea

5. turn over HANDEL, FIN:

turn over

fatturare

6. turn over ugs (search):

turn over

mettere sottosopra frugando

turn into VERB trans

turn into

trasformarsi in

I.turn in VERB trans (hand over)

turn in

consegnare

II.turn in VERB intr ugs (go to bed)

turn in

andare a letto

turned Beispiele aus dem PONS Wörterbuch (redaktionell geprüft)

the tables have turned

son cambiate le carte in tavola

it turned out to be true

si è rivelato essere vero

my legs turned to jelly ugs

mi sentii mancare le gambe

he turned gray (overnight)

gli son venuti i capelli bianchi (da un giorno all'altro)

it has turned three o'clock

sono le tre

it turned my stomach

mi ha fatto rivoltare lo stomaco

she's just turned 15

ha appena compiuto 15 anni

the news turned out to be false

la notizia si è dimostrata falsa

not to know which way to turn

non sapere da che parte voltarsi übtr

the weather has turned nice again

il tempo s'è rimesso al bello

Einsprachige Beispiele (nicht von der PONS Redaktion geprüft)

Englisch

The lot was illuminated by three sets of blinking hazard lights that audibly clicked every time they turned on and off.

thinkprogress.org

At an average rate of 175 words a minute, he turned out 63,000 words a day, enough to fill 52 columns of a newspaper.

en.wikipedia.org

He turned his attention to the foundation of a teaching order to combat the prevailing ignorance and the resulting vice in the diocese.

en.wikipedia.org

I felt a mysterious, irresistible urge to start walking to the right whenever the researcher turned the switch to the right.

en.wikipedia.org

Three watchdog groups have asked for details and been turned down.

en.wikipedia.org

He also transferred to them three mosques which they turned into synagogues.

en.wikipedia.org

These people are then shown standing together on a sidewalk, waiting for a stoplight which turned red.

en.wikipedia.org

With the reappropriation of pink, millennial women have turned the dictate back into a choice.

www.bloomberg.com

The system turned on the heater, air conditioner or both, depending on the thermostat's setting and ambient temperature, automatically maintaining whatever temperature the driver selected.

en.wikipedia.org

Without official government support the most radical advocates of manifest destiny increasingly turned to military filibustering.

en.wikipedia.org