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- A political movement, known officially as justicialismo, named for the populist politician Colonel Juan Domingo Perón, elected President of Argentina in 1946. An admirer of Italian fascism, Perón claimed always to be a champion of the workers and the poor, the descamisados (shirtless ones), to whom his first wife Eva Duarte ('Evita') became a kind of icon, especially after her death in 1952. Although he instituted some social reforms, Perón's regime proved increasingly repressive and he was ousted by the army in 1955. He returned from exile to become president in 1973, but died in office a year later. The Partido Justicialista has governed Argentina almost continuously since 1989, under Presidents Carlos Menem, Néstor Kirchner, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Néstor Kirchner's widow, who was re-elected President in 2011.
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- The Spanish Civil War of 1936-39 began when right-wing army officers led by General Francisco Franco rebelled against the elected republican government. Southern and northwest Spain soon fell to Franco's nacionalistas, but in cities such as Madrid, Bilbao and Barcelona resistance was fierce. Franco's revolt was aided by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, while Britain and France declared a policy of non-intervention and blockaded Spanish ports. The Soviet Union aided the Republican government and volunteers from around the world joined the Brigadas Internacionales to fight against fascism. Resistance collapsed in the spring of 1939 and Franco established a dictatorship which ended with his death in 1975. A period of great economic hardship followed the end of the war and the persecution of Republicans continued for several years after the end of hostilities.


- fascism
- fascismo m
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